Modular electronics

ABSTRACT

A computing device includes an integrated unit having a plurality of functional components, and an extremely high frequency (EHF) communication unit operatively coupled to the integrated unit. The EHF communication unit includes a transducer configured to transmit and receive EHF electromagnetic signals, and convert between electrical signals and electromagnetic signals. The computing device includes a transceiver operatively coupled to the transducer. The EHF communication unit may enable at least one of the functional components of the computing device to be supplemented by a functional component of an external computing device.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of the filing date of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/738,297 for MODULAR ELECTRONICS, filed Dec. 17, 2012, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

In addition, U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 13/427,576; 13/471,052; 13/618,138; 13/657,476; 13/713,564; and 13/963,199 are also incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The disclosure relates to data transfer using extremely high frequency (EHF) communication devices. More particularly, the disclosure relates to supplementing functional components of a first device by a second device using EHF communication.

BACKGROUND

Advances in semiconductor manufacturing and circuit design technologies have enabled the development and production of integrated circuits (ICs) with increasingly higher operational frequencies. In turn, electronic products and systems incorporating such integrated circuits are able to provide much greater functionality than previous generations of products. This additional functionality has generally included the processing of increasingly larger amounts of data at increasingly higher speeds.

Many electronic systems include multiple printed circuit boards (PCBs) upon which these high-speed ICs are mounted, and through which various signals are routed to and from the ICs. In electronic systems with at least two PCBs and the need to communicate information between those PCBs, a variety of connector and backplane architectures have been developed to facilitate information flow between the boards. Unfortunately, such connector and backplane architectures introduce a variety of impedance discontinuities into the signal path, resulting in a degradation of signal quality or integrity. Connecting to boards by conventional means, such as signal-carrying mechanical connectors, generally creates discontinuities, requiring expensive electronics to negotiate. Conventional mechanical connectors may also wear out over time, require precise alignment and manufacturing methods, and are susceptible to mechanical jostling. Finally, conventional mechanical connectors are bulky in comparison to other components typically found mounted on a PCB or otherwise within an apparatus such as a portable electronic device, thus adding significant bulk to the overall dimensions of the device. This is true when the mechanical connector is between two internal circuits, and especially true when the mechanical connector is configured to allow connection between two devices.

BRIEF SUMMARY

In a first example, a method of configuring an electronic device is provided. The electronic device may comprise first and second electronics modules. The first electronics module may include a first operative component that is electrically connected to a first communication unit. The first communication unit may include a transducer configured to transmit and/or receive an extremely high frequency (EHF) electromagnetic signal, and to convert between electrical signals and electromagnetic signals. The first communication unit may include an integrated circuit including at least one of a transmitter circuit and a receiver circuit that is operatively coupled to the transducer. The second electronics module may include a second operative component that is electrically connected to a second communication unit. The second communication unit may include a transducer configured to transmit and/or receive an EHF electromagnetic signal, and to convert between electrical signals and electromagnetic signals. The second communication unit may include a second integrated circuit including at least one of a transmitter circuit and a receiver circuit that is operatively coupled to the transducer. The method may comprise orienting respective faces of the first and second electronics modules relative to one another, attaching the first electronics module to the second electronics module with the respective faces opposing each other, and establishing an EHF communication link between the first and second communication units through the opposing faces of the first and second electronics modules.

In a second example, a modular electronics system is provided. The modular electronics system may include a first electronics module having a first operative component electrically connected to a first communication unit. The first communication unit may include a transducer configured to transmit and/or receive an Extremely High Frequency (EHF) electromagnetic signal, and to convert between electrical signals and electromagnetic signals. The modular electronics system may include an integrated circuit having at least one of a transmitter circuit and a receiver circuit operatively coupled to the transducer. The modular electronics system may include a second electronics module having a second operative component electrically connected to a second communication unit. The second communication unit may include a transducer configured to transmit and/or receive an EHF electromagnetic signal, and to convert between electrical signals and electromagnetic signals. The second communication unit may include a second integrated circuit having at least one of a transmitter circuit and a receiver circuit operatively coupled to the transducer. A major face of the first electronics module may be configured to contact a major face of the second electronics module and form an EHF communication link between the first communication unit and the second communication unit.

In a third example, a modular electronics system may include a first electronics module including a printed circuit board assembly. The printed circuit board assembly may include a first printed circuit board (PCB) having a first major surface and an opposed (or opposite) second major surface. The PCB may define an aperture. A bi-directional integrated circuit (IC) package may be mounted to the printed circuit board and configured to generate EHF band signals. The bi-directional integrated circuit package may be disposed such that the EHF band signals generated by the bi-directional IC propagate in a first direction normal to the first major surface of the first PCB, and in a second direction normal to the second major surface of the PCB and away from the first direction through the aperture defined by the first PCB.

In a fourth example, a modular electronics system may include a plurality of electronics modules. At least two modules of the plurality of electronics modules may be encapsulated in respective enclosures, and include respective operative components electrically connected to respective EHF communication units. Each of the respective EHF communication units may include a transducer configured to at least transmit and/or receive an EHF electromagnetic signal, and to convert between electrical signals and electromagnetic signals. Each of the EHF communication unit may include an integrated circuit having at least a transmitter circuit and a receiver circuit that is operatively coupled to the transducer. A magnet may be disposed in at least one of the enclosures such that a magnetic interaction may releasably couple together the at least two modules to hold the respective transducers in proximity to one another to enable an EHF communication link between the respective EHF communication units.

In a fifth example, a computing device may include an integrated unit having a plurality of functional components and an EHF communication unit operatively coupled to the integrated unit. The EHF communication unit may include a transducer configured to transmit and receive EHF electromagnetic signals, and to convert between electrical signals and electromagnetic signals. The computing device may include a transceiver operatively coupled to the transducer. The EHF communication unit may enable at least one of the functional components of the computing device to be supplemented by a functional component of an external computing device.

In a sixth example, a computing device may include a first electronics module. The first electronics module may include a first EHF communication unit, and a first integrated unit having a first plurality of functional processing components. The computing device may further include a second electronics module. The second electronics module may include a second EHF communication unit, and a second integrated unit having a second plurality of functional processing components. The first electronics module and the second electronics module may be disposable within an appropriate relative proximity and relative orientation to permit an EHF communication link between the first and second EHF communication units to permit sharing of at least one of the functional processing components of the second plurality of functional processing components with at least one of the functional processing components of the first plurality of functional processing components.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic isometric view of an electronic device including a first electronics module, a second electronics module, and a power module, according to the present disclosure.

FIG. 2A is an exploded view of the electronic device of FIG. 1.

FIG. 2B is an exploded view of another configuration of the electronic device of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a flow chart depicting a method for configuring an electronic device, according to the present disclosure.

FIG. 4 is an exploded view of a flanged module configuration.

FIG. 5 is schematic side view of the flanged modules of FIG. 4, showing major faces of the modules in contact with one another.

FIG. 6 is a side view of first and second modules including a manually releasable attachment system for attaching a first enclosure to a second enclosure.

FIG. 7A, FIG. 7B and FIG. 7C are schematic isometric views showing port characteristics of first and second electronics modules.

FIG. 8 is a schematic isometric view of an electronics module including a unidirectional IC package, a bi-directional IC package, and a side-launch IC package.

FIG. 9 is a schematic isometric view of a modular electronics system including a bi-directional IC package.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram of a computing device interacting with an external computing device.

FIG. 11A is a block diagram of a computing device for sharing functional components amongst first and second electronics modules.

FIG. 11B is a schematic side view showing an exemplary relative proximity between the first and second modules to enable exchange of data.

FIG. 12A, FIG. 12B and FIG. 12C show illustrative arrangements of various modules, according to the present disclosure.

Those with ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the elements in the drawings are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and are not necessarily drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the drawings may be exaggerated, relative to other elements, in order to improve the understanding of the disclosure.

There may be additional structures described in the description that are not depicted in the drawings, and the absence of such a drawing should not be considered as an omission of such design from the specification.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Before describing embodiments of the present disclosure in detail, it should be observed that the present embodiments of the present disclosure may utilize apparatus components and method steps related to electronic devices capable of EHF communication. Accordingly, the apparatus components have been represented where appropriate by conventional symbols in the drawings, showing specific details that are pertinent for an understanding of the present disclosure so as not to obscure the disclosure with details that will be readily apparent to those with ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of the description herein.

Detailed embodiments are disclosed herein; however, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely exemplary of the claimed elements, which can be embodied in various forms. Therefore, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a basis for the claims and as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the disclosed concepts in an appropriate structure. Further, the terms and phrases used herein are not intended to be limiting but rather to provide an understandable description of the subject matter.

Furthermore, in today's society and computing environment, electronic devices are being used increasingly. Methods and apparatus using EHF communication may provide secure, stable, and high-bandwidth communication between and within these devices.

An example of an EHF communications unit is an EHF comm-link chip. Throughout this disclosure, the terms comm-link chip, comm-link chip package, and EHF communication link chip package will be used to refer to EHF antennas embedded in IC packages. Examples of such comm-link chips are described in detail in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. Nos. 61/491,811, 61/467,334, 61/485,543, and 61/535,277, all of which are hereby incorporated in their entireties for all purposes. Comm-link chips are an example of a communication device, also referred to as communication unit, whether or not they provide wireless communication and whether or not they operate in the EHF frequency band.

Wireless communication may be used to provide signal communications between components or modules in a device or may provide communication between devices. Wireless communication provides an interface that is not subject to mechanical and electrical degradation. Examples of systems employing wireless communication between chips are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,621,913 and U.S. Pat. No. 8,554,136, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes.

In one example, tightly-coupled transmitter/receiver pairs may be deployed with a transmitter disposed at a terminal portion of a first conduction path and a receiver disposed at a terminal portion of a second conduction path. The transmitter and receiver may be disposed in close proximity to each other depending on the strength of the transmitted energy, and the first conduction path and the second conduction path may be discontinuous with respect to each other. In exemplary versions, the transmitter and receiver may be disposed on separate circuit carriers positioned with the antennas of the transmitter/receiver pair in close proximity.

A transmitter or receiver may be configured as an IC package, in which an antenna may be positioned adjacent to a die and held in place by a dielectric or insulating encapsulation or bond material. A transmitter or receiver may be configured as an IC package, in which an antenna may be positioned adjacent to a die and held in place by encapsulation material of the package and/or a lead frame substrate.

These IC packages, along with contactless power transfer methods, may be used to create modular components for electronic devices. Because modules can thus transfer data and power without contacts, each module may be self-contained, and may be environment-proofed. Modules may be assembled and disassembled with ease, even by hand, as no complicated and/or easily-damaged connectors are used in assembly. The modules may be configured with magnets or clips to connect to each other in one or more configurations. In this fashion, modules may be field-swapped to repair or upgrade, and complicated final assembly steps may be eliminated. Customization by the user may be facilitated. By using the short-range EHF IC packages to provide communication, relaxed module alignment requirements may be facilitated due to the relatively tolerant EHF coupling characteristics of the IC packages. Exposed metal may be eliminated as well, resulting in better wear characteristics and enabling capabilities such as waterproofing.

An operative component may refer to one or more of the following: a processor, a controller, a logic component, sensor interface, a non-volatile memory, a volatile memory, a display, user interface(s) and/or a touchpad, among others.

FIG. 1 shows a schematic isometric view of an electronic device 100. Electronic device 100 may be made up of multiple layers or modules. The multiple layers or modules may include a first electronics module 102, a second electronics module 104, and a third (or power) module 106. For example, first electronics module 102 may be a display module, and second electronics module 104 may be a processing module.

FIG. 2A shows an exploded view of electronic device 100 of FIG. 1. As shown in FIG. 2A, first electronics module 102 may include a first operative component 220. First operative component 220 may be electrically connected to a first communication unit 222. First communication unit 222 may include a transducer 224 and an integrated circuit 226. Transducer 224 may be configured to transmit and/or receive EHF electromagnetic signals and to convert between electrical signals and electromagnetic signals. Integrated circuit 226 may include a transmitter circuit 228 and a receiver circuit 230. Transmitter circuit 228 and receiver circuit 230 may be operatively coupled to transducer 224.

Second electronics module 104 may include a second operative component 232. Second operative component 232 may be electrically connected to a second communication unit 234. Second communication unit 234 may include a transducer 236 and an integrated circuit 238. Transducer 238 may be configured to transmit and/or receive the EHF electromagnetic signals and to convert between electrical signals and electromagnetic signals. Integrated circuit 238 may include a transmitter circuit 240 and a receiver circuit 242. Transmitter circuit 240 and receiver circuit 242 may be operatively coupled to transducer 238. First operative component 220 may include one or more components such as a processor, a non-volatile memory, a volatile memory, a display, and/or a touchpad, among others. Second operative component 232 may include one of more components such as a processor, a non-volatile memory, a volatile memory, a display, and/or a touchpad, among others.

Third module 106 may include a third operative component. For example, third module 106 may be a power module, and the third operative component may be a power supply (or an inductive coil 244 of the power supply). The power supply may be configured to supply power to first electronics module 102 and/or to second electronics module 104. For example, first electronics module 102 and second electronics module 104 may be configured to receive power from power module 106 via an inductive power transmission through inductive coil 244 of power module 106. For example, inductive coil 244 may be configured to inductively transmit power (from the power supply of power module 106) to a first inductive coil 272 (e.g., which may be configured to receive the inductive power transmission) of first electronics module 102 and/or to a second inductive coil 274 (e.g., which may be configured to receive the inductive power transmission) of second electronics module 274.

Power module 106 may be rechargeable using a contactless power source such as an inductive or capacitive power source, and may inductively transmit power to one or more modules via inductive coil 224. In some embodiments, power may be transferred contactlessly from power module 106 to each of first electronics module 102 and second electronics module 104. In some embodiments, power module 106 may include standard power contacts for transferring electrical power between modules. In some embodiments, power module 106 may include one or more operative components, such as a processor, a non-volatile memory, a volatile memory, a display, and/or a touchpad.

In some embodiments, either of first and second modules 102 and 104 may include a power supply (or self-powered supply), in which case electronics device 100 may not include a separate power supply. For example, first electronics module 102 and/or second electronics module 104 may include a power supply and may be configured to transfer power (e.g., via inductive transmission, or via contacts) to another module. For example, first electronics module 102 may include a first power supply configured to power first electronics module independently from an interface (e.g., an inductive interface, or an interface of electrical contacts) between first and second electronics modules 102 and 104.

In some embodiments, the first power supply may be configured to power the second electronics module (e.g., through an interface between first and second electronics modules 102 and 104). For example, first inductive coil 272 may be configured to inductively transmit power from the first power supply to second inductive coil 274. In other embodiments, first and second electronics modules 102 and 104 may include electrical contacts that interface with one another when first and second electronics modules are attached (or brought into contact with one another), and the first power supply may be configured to transmit power to the second electronics module via the electrical contacts.

In some embodiments, power module 106 may include one or more components similar to first and/or second electronics modules 102 and 104. For example, power module 106 may include one or more operative components electrically connected to an EHF communication unit.

First electronics module 102, second electronics module 104, and power module 106 may be stacked atop each other to form electronic device 100. In a configuration of electronic device 100, first electronics module 102 may be attached (e.g., releasably or non-releasably) to second electronics module 104 and second electronics module 104 may be attached (e.g., releasably or non-releasably) to power module 106. Attachment of first electronics module 102, second electronics module 104 and/or power module 106 to one another may form an EHF communication link 246 between first communication unit 222 and second communication unit 234.

In some embodiments, respective faces of first and second electronics modules 102 and 104 may be oriented relative to one another (e.g., as shown in FIG. 2A). First electronics module 102 may then be attached (e.g., by an attachment structure or device) to second electronics module 104 with the respective faces opposing each other (see FIG. 1). EHF communication link 246 (see FIG. 2A) may be established between first and second communication units 222 and 234 through the opposing faces. In other embodiments, first and second electronics modules 102 and 104 may be attached to one another before first and second electronics modules 102 and 104 are oriented relative to one another, and orienting first and second electronics modules 102 and 104 relative to one another may establish EHF communication link 246.

A suitable attachment structure may include any suitable structure, apparatus, device, and/or mechanism configured to attach first electronics module 102 to second electronics module 104 (or vice versa), and/or first and/or second electronics modules 102 and 104 to third module 106. For example, the attachment structure, may include a mechanical registration feature (e.g., a flange), a twist-lock mechanism, one or more sleeves, one or more compartments, one or more bolts, screws, or other fasteners, or any suitable combination thereof.

In some embodiments, first operative component 220 may include a user interface component. An operative connection may be formed between the user interface component and second operative component 232 when first electronics module 102 is attached directly or indirectly to second electronics module 104. During operation of device 100, data can be transmitted between first electronics module 102 and second electronics module 104 by a coupling of transmitter circuit 228 and receiver circuit 230 with transmitter circuit 240 and receiver circuit 242 when EHF communication link 246 is established. The coupling of transmitter circuit 228 and receiver circuit 230 with transmitter circuit 240 and receiver circuit 242 may provide a contactless data pathway, conduit, or channel.

In some embodiments, first electronics module 102 may include a magnetically responsive element 208, second electronics module 104 may include a magnet 210, and the power module 106 may include a magnetically responsive element 212. Magnetically responsive elements are elements that are themselves magnetic or that are attracted to a magnet, such as a ferromagnetic element. Attaching first electronics module 102, second electronics module 104, and power module 106 may include positioning each of the modules so that magnet 210 is attractively coupled to magnetically responsive elements 208 and 212.

It may be noted that second electronics module 104 is shown including magnet 210, and that first electronics module 102 and power module 106 are shown including magnetically responsive elements 208 and 212; however, embodiments may include other combinations. For example, at least one of first electronic module 102, second electronics module 104, and power module 106 may include at least one magnet, and at least one other of the electronics modules and the power module 106 may include a magnetically responsive element.

In some embodiments, magnet 210, magnetically responsive element 208, and/or magnetically responsive element 212 may be embedded along respective elongate edges of second electronics module 104, first electronics module 102, and power module 106. In some embodiments, magnetically responsive elements and/or magnets may be embedded along opposite edges of one or more of the modules. In some embodiments, magnet 210 and magnetically responsive elements 208 and 212 can be embedded along shorter edges of the respective modules (e.g., in respective regions indicated at 248, 250 and 252). In some embodiments, one or more modules may include one or more mechanical registration features or other attachment features (e.g., adhesives, mechanical structures, bolts, among others).

In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 2B, power module 106 may be disposed between first electronics module 102 and second electronics module 104 to configure electronic device 100. In some embodiments, electronic device 100 may be formed by using other configurations of first electronics module 102, second electronics module 104 and power module 106.

FIG. 3 depicts a method 300 for configuring an electronic device. The electronic device may comprise first and second electronics modules. The first electronics module may include a first operative component that is electrically connected to a first communication unit. The first communication unit may include a transducer configured to transmit and/or receive an extremely high frequency (EHF) electromagnetic signal, and to convert between electrical signals and electromagnetic signals. The first communication unit may include an integrated circuit including at least one of a transmitter circuit and a receiver circuit that is operatively coupled to the transducer. The second electronics module may include a second operative component that is electrically connected to a second communication unit. The second communication unit may include a transducer configured to transmit and/or receive an EHF electromagnetic signal, and to convert between electrical signals and electromagnetic signals. The second communication unit may include a second integrated circuit including at least one of a transmitter circuit and a receiver circuit that is operatively coupled to the transducer.

Method 300 may include a step 302 of orienting respective faces of the first and second electronics modules relative to one another. For example, step 302 may involve aligning respective communication units and/or associated waveguides of the first and second electronics modules.

Method 300 may include a step 304 of attaching the first electronics module to the second electronics module with the respective faces opposing each other.

In some embodiments, step 304 may involve releasably attaching the first electronics module to the second electronics module. In other embodiments, step 304 may involve non-releasably or permanently attaching the first electronics module to the second electronics module.

In some embodiments, step 304 may involve directly attaching the first electronics module to the second electronics module. For example, step 304 may involve contacting an enclosure of the first electronics module with an enclosure of the second electronics module.

In other embodiments, step 304 may involve indirectly attaching the first electronics module to the second electronics module. For example, step 304 may involve attaching one the first and second electronics modules to a third module, and then attaching the other of the first and second electronics modules to the third module.

Method 300 may include a step 306 of establishing an EHF communication link between the first and second communication units through the opposing faces of the first and second electronics modules.

In some embodiments, the first electronics module may include a first power supply configured to power the first electronics module independent from an interface between the first and second electronics modules.

Method 300 may further comprise a step of powering the second electronics module by the first power supply (of the first electronics device) through the interface between the first and second electronics modules. In some embodiments, powering the second electronics module may involve inductively transmitting power from the first electronics module to the second electronics module. In other embodiments, powering the second electronics module may involve transmitting power from the first electronics module to the second electronics module via interfaced electrical contacts of the first and second electronics modules.

Method 300 may further comprise attaching a third module to at least one of the first and second electronics modules. The third module may include a third operative component. The third module may be a power module, and the third operative component may be a power supply configured to supply power for the first and second electronics modules when coupled either directly or indirectly to the first and second electronics modules.

In some embodiments, method 300 may include a step of attaching one of the first electronics module, the second electronics module, and the power module to another of the first electronics module, second electronics module, and power module to form a module complex.

In some embodiments, method 300 may include a step of attaching the remaining one of the first electronics module, the second electronics module and the power module to the module complex.

In method 300, attaching the first electronics module, second electronics module and power module to one another may form an EHF communication link between the first and second communication units through opposing faces of the first and second modules. An operative combination of the first electronics module, the second electronics module, and the power module may create a corresponding electronic device.

In some embodiments, the first operative component may include a user interface component, such that attaching the first electronics module directly or indirectly to the second electronics module forms an operative connection between the user interface component and the second operative component.

In some embodiments, at least one of the electronics modules and power module may further comprise at least one magnet, and at least another of the electronics modules and power module may further comprise a magnetically responsive element, such that releasably attaching the electronics modules and/or power module includes positioning the modules so that the magnet is attractively coupled to the magnetically responsive element. The magnetically responsive element may be a second magnet.

In some embodiments, at least one of the electronics modules and/or power module may include a mechanical registration feature or attachment structure (e.g., a flange, a twist-lock mechanism, one or more sleeves, one or more compartments, and/or one or more bolts) for attaching the modules together. For example, at least one of the electronics modules and/or power module may be a flanged module that further comprises a flange extending from at least one edge of the flanged module, and attaching the flanged module to another of the modules may include creating a frictional fit between an edge of the another module and an internal surface of the flange of the flanged module.

In some embodiments, one or more of the electronic modules and/or power module may be attached using one or more of magnets and magnetically responsive elements, adhesive material(s), and enclosures that fit into each other.

In some embodiments, configuring the electronic device may comprise attaching the first electronics module to the second electronics module, and then attaching the power module to one of the first and second electronics modules.

In some embodiments, the power module may be disposed between the first electronics module and the second electronics module such that a first face, such as a major face, of the power module contacts a face of the first electronics module and a second face of the power module contacts a face of the second electronics module.

A major face of a module may be defined as a face of the module that is not the smallest face of the module. For example, the module may have first, second, and third faces. The first face may be the smallest face, the third face may be larger than the second face, and the second face may be a major face of the module.

In some embodiments, the first electronics module and the second electronics module may be configured to receive power from the power module via inductive power transmission.

In some embodiments, at least one face, such as a major face, of each of the first electronics module, the second electronics module, and the power module may contact a face, such as a major face, of another of the first electronics module, the second electronics module, and the power module.

In some embodiments, the first electronics module may further comprise a first dielectric surface or component (e.g., a waveguide) extending between the transducer of the first communication unit and a first exterior surface of the first electronics module for conducting the EHF electromagnetic signal between the transducer of the first communication unit and the first exterior surface. The second electronics module may further comprise a second dielectric surface or component (e.g., a waveguide) extending between the transducer of the second communication unit and a second exterior surface of the second electronics module for conducting the EHF electromagnetic signal between the transducer of the second communication unit and the second exterior surface. When the first electronics module is attached to the second electronics module, the first dielectric surface or component may align with the second dielectric surface or component for conducting the EHF electromagnetic signal between the transducer of the first communication unit and the transducer of the second communication unit.

In some embodiments, attaching one of the first electronics module, the second electronics module, and the power module to another of the first electronics module, second electronics module, and power module to form the module complex may comprise releasably attaching one of the first electronics module, the second electronics module, and the power module to another of the first electronics module, second electronics module, and power module to form the module complex; and attaching the remaining one of the first electronics module, the second electronics module and the power module to the module complex may comprise releasably attaching the remaining one of the first electronics module, the second electronics module and the power module to the module complex. In other embodiments, one or more of the modules may be non-releasably attached to at least of the other modules.

FIG. 4 is an exploded view showing various surfaces of a first electronics module 402 and a second electronics module 404. First electronics module 402 may be similar to first electronics module 102 (and vice versa), and second electronics module 404 may be similar to second electronics module 104 (and vice versa). A major face 448 of first electronics module 402 may be configured to contact a major face 450 of second electronics module 404 to form an EHF communication link 446 between a first communication unit 422 and a second communication unit 434. As shown in FIG. 4, faces 448 and 450 are respective faces of first and second electronics modules that oppose each other. First communication unit 422 may be similar to first communication unit 222 of FIG. 2A, and second communication unit 434 may be similar to second communication unit 234 of FIG. 2A. In some embodiments, major face 448 of first electronics module 402 may correspond to a surface on which a first operative components 420 and first communication unit 422 may be positioned, and major face 450 of second electronics module 404 may correspond to a surface on which second operative component 432 and second communication unit 434 may be positioned. In other embodiments, major surface 448 may correspond to a major surface of an enclosure of first electronics module 402, and major surface 450 may correspond to a major surface of an enclosure of second electronics module 404.

As shown in FIG. 4, first electronics module 402 may include a first enclosure 452. First enclosure 452 may enclose first operative component 420 and first communication unit 422. Second electronics module 404 may include a second enclosure 454. Second enclosure 454 may enclose second operative component 432 and second communication unit 434. Major face 448 of first electronics module 402 may be a major face of first enclosure 452, and major face 450 of second electronics module 404 may be a major face of second enclosure 454. First enclosure 452 and second enclosure 454 may be any suitable structure configured to enclose the respective first electronics module and the second electronics module. The enclosures may provide protection from the environment as well as suitable mechanical interface surfaces for other such modules. First enclosure 452 and second enclosure 454 may be configured to allow EHF signals and/or inductively-coupled or capacitive-coupled power to pass there through, enabling contactless communication and recharging. For example, first enclosure 452 and second enclosure 454 may each be a case made of plastic or other dielectric material. In some embodiments, one or more dielectric structures may be included in one or more of the enclosures. The one or more dielectric structures may include one or more lensing elements. In some embodiments, first enclosure 452 and second enclosure 454 may be solid encapsulations, such as an epoxy. In some embodiments, first enclosure 452 and second enclosure 454 may include multiple different materials, such as a metal case having dielectric-filled openings. Similarly, a power module (similar to the power module 106 shown in FIG. 2) may have an enclosure which encapsulates the power module.

First electronics module 402 may be described as a first flange (or flanged) module having a flange 456. Flange 456 may be attached to at least one edge of first enclosure 452. Similarly, second electronics module 404 may be described as a second flange (or flanged) module having a flange 458. Flange 458 may be attached to at least one edge of second enclosure 454 in a direction normal to a plane (e.g., of major face 450) of second enclosure 404. To attach first enclosure 452 to second enclosure 454, an internal surface of flange 458 may create a frictional fit between an edge (e.g., flange 456) of first enclosure 452 and flange 458.

FIG. 5 shows major faces 448 and 450 in contact with one another (a small gap is shown between faces 448 and 450, but this is only to clarify that faces 448 and 450 are not the same surface). In some embodiments, major faces 448 and 450 may be separated by a gap. Each of major face 448 of the first enclosure 452 and major face 450 of the second enclosure 454 may include a respective coupling surface 476 and 478 configured to enable transmission and/or reception of EHF electromagnetic signals. As shown in FIG. 5, faces 448 and 450 are respective faces of first and second electronics modules that oppose each other, for example, when first and second electronics modules 402 and 404 are attached.

FIG. 6 illustrates a manually releasable attachment system 656. System 656 may be configured to attach (or releasably attached) a first enclosure 652 of a first electronics module 602 to a second enclosure 654 of a second electronics module 604. Manually releasable attachment system 656 may enable first enclosure 652 to be reversibly attached to second enclosure 654. First enclosure 652 may be similar to first enclosure 452, and second enclosure 654 may be similar to second enclosure 454 of FIG. 4. Manually releasable attachment system 656 may include a first magnet 648 incorporated in first enclosure 652, and a second magnet 650 incorporated in second enclosure 654 such that a magnetic interaction between first magnet 648 and second magnet 650 releasably attaches first electronics module 602 to second electronics module 604. The attachment provided by system 656 may position first and second communication units 658 and 660 in relative proximity to one another to enable an EHF communication link 662 there between.

As shown in FIGS. 4-6, each of the enclosures of the respective modules may be substantially planar, may share substantially the same outline, and may be configured to form a stack in combination with other enclosures of a modular electronics system in which the respective modules may be included. Each of the modules and/or their respective enclosures may have a curvature that configures the module complex to have a curvature that could be either concave or convex, or to include faces that have compound curvatures or other configurations.

FIG. 7A shows a first electronics module 702 including a port characteristic. First electronics module 702 may be similar to one or more of the electronics modules described above. The port characteristic may be a structure of a waveguide or may be an other EHF conducting component or a dielectric material that forms a port for the module. The dielectric material could be an aperture formed in the module.

As shown in FIG. 7A, the port characteristic may include a first dielectric waveguide 764. The first dielectric waveguide 764 may extend between a transducer (not shown) of a first communication unit 722, and a first exterior surface 766 of first electronics module 702. First dielectric waveguide 764 may conduct an EHF electromagnetic signal between the transducer of the first communication unit 722 and first exterior surface 766. Although FIG. 7A depicts waveguide 764 to be generally rectangular, a waveguide according to aspects of the present disclosure may include and/or be a lens, an aperture, a slot, a spreader, a grid, or any suitable combination thereof.

Similarly, FIG. 7B illustrates a second electronics module 704 including a second communication unit 734 and a dielectric waveguide 768. Second dielectric waveguide 768 may extend between a transducer (not shown) of second communication unit 734 and a second exterior surface 770 of second electronics module 704. Waveguide 768 may conduct an EHF electromagnetic signal between the transducer of second communication unit 734 and second exterior surface 770.

In an embodiment shown in FIG. 7C, first dielectric waveguide 764 may align with second dielectric waveguide 768 for conducting the EHF electromagnetic signal between the transducer of the first communication unit 722 and the transducer of the second communication unit 734 through a port characteristic (not shown). First electronics module 702 may be similar to the first electronics module 102 of FIG. 2, and second electronics module 704 may be similar to second electronics module 104 of FIG. 2.

In an embodiment, one or more electronic modules may have an electrical coupling for power and/or data transmission. For example, an electrical path may be used by the modules for low-speed data transmission and the EHF communication may be used for high-speed data transmission.

Examples of various port characteristics are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/963,888, which is hereby incorporated in its entirety for all purposes.

FIG. 8 shows an illustrative printed circuit board (PCB) assembly 802 which may make up a portion of a modular layer, such as one of first electronic module 102 and second electronics module 104 of FIG. 1. PCB assembly 802 may include a PCB 804 and one or more IC packages 806. PCB 804 may be any suitable structure configured for mounting electronic components. For example, the PCB 804 may be a standard printed circuit board sized appropriately for inclusion in an electronic device. IC packages 806 may be any suitable IC package configured to communicate electromagnetically in the EHF band. Examples of suitable IC packages are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/427,576, which is hereby incorporated in its entirety for all purposes.

IC packages 806 may be configured to provide a desired directionality in their communication, and may include one or more examples of a unidirectional IC package 808, a bidirectional IC package 810, and/or a side-launch (or edge-launch) IC package 812, or any combination thereof. Each IC package 806 may be electrically connected to one or more electrical circuits (not shown).

Unidirectional IC package 808 may be mounted on a major surface 814 of PCB 804, and a ground plane (not pictured) of PCB 804 may block and/or reflect any electromagnetic (EM) signal from passing through PCB 804. Accordingly, an EM signal transmitted by unidirectional IC package 808 may propagate away from PCB 804 in a direction generally normal to major surface 814.

Bi-directional IC package 810 may propagate both in the normal direction and through PCB 804 through a window 816 formed in PCB 808. Window 816 may be any suitable opening (or aperture) in PCB 804 (e.g., in a metal or metalized structure within PCB 804) sized to allow an EHF band EM signal to pass through. In some examples, window 816 may be filled with a dielectric material that may facilitate pass-through of EHF signals. Accordingly, an EM signal transmitted by bidirectional IC package 810 may propagate away from PCB 804 in a direction normal to major surface 814 and also in a direction generally normal to an opposite major surface 818.

Side-launch IC package 812 may be mounted on PCB 804 near an edge 820 of PCB 804, and may be configured to propagate an EM signal in the EHF band in a direction generally away from edge 820 and generally parallel to major surfaces 814 and 818. Side-launch IC packages may include enhancement structures such as shaped ground planes and/or reflectors such as an overhead reflector 822. These and other structures are described in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/616,970, which is hereby incorporated in its entirety for all purposes.

FIG. 9 illustrates a modular electronics system 900 which utilizes a bi-directional IC package. The modular electronics system 900 may include a first electronics module 902. First electronics module 902 may include a printed circuit board assembly 904 having a first PCB 906. First PCB 906 may have a first major surface 908 and an opposed second major surface 918. PCB 906 may define an aperture 914. PCB assembly 904 may include a bi-directional IC package 910 mounted to PCB 906, which may be configured to generate EHF band signals. Bi-directional IC package 910 may be disposed such that the EHF band signals generated by bi-directional IC package 910 propagate in a first direction normal to first major surface 908 of the first PCB 906, and in a second direction normal to second major surface 918 of the PCB 906 and away from the first direction through aperture 914 defined by first PCB 906.

Modular electronics system 900 may further include a second electronics module 920 having a second integrated circuit package 930, and a third electronics module 922 having a third integrated circuit package 932. A major surface 926 of second electronics module 920 may abut and/or be parallel to first major surface 908 of first PCB 906 of first electronics module 902, and a major surface 928 of third electronics module 922 may abut and/or be parallel to an opposed (or opposite) second major surface 918 of first PCB 906 of first electronics module 902. The EHF band electromagnetic signals generated by bi-directional IC package 910 may enable an EHF communication link between bi-directional IC package 910 and second IC package 930, and an EHF communication link between bi-directional IC package 910 and third IC package 932. In some embodiments, second IC package 930 may be aligned with bi-directional IC package 910 so as to permit formation of the EHF communication link between second IC package 930 and bi-directional IC package 910 for transmission of EHF band electromagnetic signals. Third IC package 932 may be coupled with (or to) bi-directional IC package 910 via aperture 914 defined by PCB 906 of first electronics module 902 so as to permit formation of the EHF communication link for transmission of EHF band electromagnetic signals.

FIG. 10 shows a block diagram of a computing device 1002 and an external computing device 1018. In some embodiments, computing device 1002 may be mobile computing device, such as a smartphone. In other embodiments, computing device 1002 may be a non-mobile computing device, such as a server, gaming console, computing device, television, smart appliances, or smart table. In some embodiments, external computing device 1018 may be mobile computing device, such as another smartphone, a hand-held electronic game device, or a mobile dock. In other embodiments, external computing device 1018 may be a non-mobile computing device, such as a game console, a server, a smart table, or a non-mobile dock.

Computing device 1002 may include an integrated unit 1004, an EHF communication unit 1012 and an authentication unit 1042. Integrated unit 1004 may include a plurality of functional components 1006. Plurality of functional components 1006 may include a first functional component 1008 and a second functional component 1010. The first and/or second functional components may include any suitable functional component or combination of functional components, such as processor circuitry, display circuitry, a volatile memory, a non-volatile memory, graphics circuitry, audio, touch interfaces, integrated cameras, and/or a power source.

EHF communication unit 1012 may be operatively coupled to integrated unit 1004. EHF communication unit 1012 may include a transducer 1014 configured to transmit and receive EHF electromagnetic signals, and convert between electrical signals and electromagnetic signals. EHF communication unit 1012 may include a transceiver 1016 operatively coupled to transducer 1014, and a functionality expansion unit 1040.

Similarly, external computing device 1018 may include an integrated unit 1020, and an EHF communication unit 1028. Integrated unit 1020 may include one or more functional components 1022. Functional components 1022 may include a third functional component 1024 and a fourth functional component 1026. EHF communication unit 1028 may be operatively coupled to integrated unit 1020. EHF communication unit 1028 may include a transducer 1030, which may be configured to transmit and receive EHF electromagnetic signals, and convert between electrical signals and electromagnetic signals. EHF communication unit 1028 may include a transceiver 1032 operatively coupled to transducer 1014.

EHF communication units 1012 and 1028 may be configured to support standards based protocols, such as MIPI, HyperTransport, QuickPath Interconnect (QPI) USB, PCIe, SATA, Displayport, Thunderbolt or other similar protocols. Electrical inputs and outputs of the EHF communication units may be connected to the electrical inputs and outputs of standards based communication links in computing devices 1002 and 1018. EHF communication units may be configured to have an asynchronous path for the conversion between electrical and electromagnetic signals. This asynchronous path may be configured to have an extremely low latency between the electrical signal input of EHF communications unit 1012 and the electrical signal output of EHF communications unit 1028 (or vice versus). This low latency signal path may be less than 1 ns. From a system perspective, when EHF communication unit 1012 and EHF communication unit 1028 are coupled, in some examples, the signal path appears as if it were a local electrical signal path and the latency through the EHF communication units may be transparent to the protocol that is being transported. When connected through the EHF communication link, computing devices 1012 and 1018 appear from the system perspective as if they were one system due to the low latency, high bandwidth, and transparency of the EHF communication units.

Computing device 1002 and/or external computing device 1018 may be similar to electronic device 100 shown in FIG. 1 (or at least one of the modules thereof).

EHF communication unit 1012 of computing device 1002 may enable at least one of functional components 1008 and 1010 of computing device 1002 to be supplemented by at least one of functional components 1024 and 1026 of external computing device 1018.

In some embodiments, computing device 1002 may be self-contained and/or highly portable. Computing device 1002 may be an EHF enabled display apparatus that is operable to receive data from an active surface of external computing device 1018 via a close proximity coupling that may exist between the EHF enabled display apparatus and the active surface, and that processes data for presentation on the EHF enabled display.

In some embodiments, computing device 1002 may be a card-shaped device that approximates a size of a conventional credit card that may fit in a pocket, purse, or wallet. Computing device 1002 may be a relatively simple device that may include a display, a display controller, and EHF transceivers, and optionally can include input circuitry such as touch sensors. The active surface of external computing device 1018 may be an apparatus that can provide data, including display data, to computing device 1002 via EHF transceiver 1016. The active surface of external computing device 1018 may have limited input capabilities, and may be devoid of a display. In some embodiments, computing device 1002 can be a user interface to a device (e.g., external computing device 1018), which may not have a user interface. In effect, computing device 1002 may be a gateway or “window” to content contained and generated by the active surface of external computing device 1018 without needing the circuitry or resources necessary for independently generating and presenting such content itself.

In some embodiments, computing device 1002 may (only) be operative when it is placed in close proximity to external computing device 1018 (e.g., in close proximity or upon the active surface apparatus). When computing device 1002 is placed on (or in close proximity to) the active surface of external computing device 1018, a close proximity coupling can be established that enables the active surface to provide data to computing device 1002 (e.g., via an EHF communication link established between EHF communication units 1012 and 1028). Computing device 1002 can then display and/or process the data (or information) and process inputs (e.g., touch-screen inputs, finger recognition, etc.), and provide those inputs to the active surface of external computing device 1018.

In some embodiments, computing device 1002 may not function when computing device 1002 is not in proximity of an active surface. For example, when computing device 1002 is removed or spaced from, or otherwise located distally of the active surface of the external computing device 1018, computing device 1002 may be an inert, functionless device.

In other embodiments, computing device 1002 may function when computing device 1002 is not in proximity of the active surface. For example, when computing device 1002 is removed from (or distal) external computing device 1018, computing device 1002 may be configured such that one or more of functional components 1006 remain functional.

Computing device 1002 may be used with multiple different active surfaces. Each active surface can provide its local data to computing device 1002. The content presented by each active surface to a user via computing device 1002 may be different, but the underlying technology for enabling it may be the same. For example, if one active surface includes a security access panel and another active surface includes a general purpose computer, computing device 1002 may display a keypad when placed on the security access panel, and computing device 1002 may display a touch screen user interface when placed on the general purpose computer.

In some embodiments, computing device 1002 may include processing elements (e.g., functional components 1008 and 1010 may be functional processing components). Similarly, there may be processing elements (e.g., functional components 1026 and 1026) associated with external computing device 1018 that may be connected (e.g., to functional components 1008 and 1010) by establishing an EHF link (e.g., the EHF communication link) using EHF communication unit 1012 of computing device 1002 and EHF communication unit 1028 of external computing device 1018.

In some embodiments, integrated unit 1004 may request expansion of functional component 1008 (and/or functional component 1010) to include a functionality of functionality expansion unit 1040 of computing device 1002. Functionality expansion unit 1040 may generate instructions and transmit the instructions to transceiver 1016 by utilizing transducer 1014. EHF communication unit 1012 may establish the EHF communication link with EHF communication unit 1028 of external computing device 1018. Once the EHF communication link is established, the processing elements (or other elements) of external computing device 1018 may supplement the processing elements (or other elements) of computing device 1002 by exchanging the data by utilizing its transducer 1030 and transceiver 1032.

Modular devices, according to the present disclosure, may be configured to have low latency. Such configurations may include a reduced number or minimization of stages and elements in the signal path (e.g., the path in which an EHF communication link is formed), implementation of an asynchronous signal path (e.g., no registers or flip-flops), configurations in which a receiver may always be turned on (e.g., which may prevent startup or lock time delays), operation of a self-mixing demodulator with virtually no delay, and inclusion of bandwidth optimized circuits able to pass very high speed digital data.

In some embodiments, a phone with a SoC processor may not have sufficient processing power to drive a display or another computing device, but may be augmented by being connecting to a dock (or monitor) with a graphics card, and potentially other cores. In this case, when the phone is docked with the dock, it may utilize the processing power of the workstation or gaming system. The low latency and transparency of the EHF communication link may make the connection appear to be local on computing device 1002 and may utilize the performance of external computing device 1018. In some embodiments, external computing device 1018 may connect to many (or one or more) different computing devices and perform as an extension of the respective devices.

When computing device 1002 and external computing device 1018 come into close proximity, an EHF communications link may be established. In order to establish the EHF communication link, EHF communication unit 1028 and EHF communication unit 1012 may first determine whether or not a partner unit (e.g., the other of EHF communication units 1012 and 1028) is within close proximity, and may determine whether a reliable connection can be established. If EHF communication units 1028 and 1012 have determined that a connection may be established, EHF communication unit 1012 and EHF communication unit 1028 may exchange information. The information exchanged may include signal strength, coding, manufacturer ID, device ID, authentication information, and/or protocol-related information. The EHF communication units may use the information exchanged to determine whether or not to establish the EHF communication link. The establishment of the link may depend on one more of the following criteria: received signal strength in the computing device (and/or the external computing device), the manufacturer and/or device IDs, authentication, and protocol which may be necessary for communication. In addition, the authentication information may determine whether or not computing device 1002 has access to one or more of the resources of external computing device 1018 (e.g., functional components 1006). The authentication information may determine whether or not external computing device 1018 has access to resources of computing device 1012 (e.g., functional components 1022).

Once it has been determined that a connection may be established using a common protocol and all other conditions (including, but not limited to the conditions listed above) have been satisfied, EHF communications unit 1012 and EHF communications unit 1028 may establish a communications link using a common protocol. The common protocol may be standards based, such as MIPI, HyperTransport, QuickPath Interconnect (QPI) USB, PCIe, SATA, Displayport, Thunderbolt or other similar protocols. If the connection is established using a low-latency protocol, such as HyperTransport, QPI, or PCIe, functional components on each side of the link may be accessible as if they were local, on-board functional components. A dynamic, reconfigurable computing system may be realized by coupling multiple computing devices together using EHF communications links. Processing resources, memory, input/output devices may be spread across one or more computing devices. A host operating system on computing device 1002 may be configured to migrate processes to external computing device 1018, use additional memory resources on external computing device 1018, spawn additional processes to run on external computing device 1018, allocate memory in external computing device 1018, and utilize functional components 1022 of external computing device 1018 upon establishment of the EHF communication link.

In some embodiments, computing device 1002 and external computing device 1018 may exchange information relating to the available system resources and functional components on the respective computing devices. The information may contain data indicating the presence, identification information, current status, and accessibility of functional components, such as cameras, HDMI ports, Ethernet ports, Wireless access, memory, processing components, display elements, etc. The information may contain data indicating the status of the functional components. This status may contain information such as whether or not an HDMI port is attached to an external display and the type of display it is attached to. It may also contain information about the status of the Ethernet port, including Ethernet address, IP address, and routing information.

In some embodiments, a coupling surface of computing device 1002 may be similar to first coupling surface 476 of first enclosure 452 shown in FIG. 4. The coupling surface of computing device 1002 may include a port characteristic having a waveguide or other dielectric structure configured to propagate EHF electromagnetic signals. A port characteristic of computing device 1002 may be similar to one or more port characteristics of the waveguide 764 embedded in first electronics module 702 shown in FIG. 7A, or waveguide 768 embedded in second electronics module 704. The waveguide of computing device 1002 may include a dielectric. The coupling surface of computing device 1002 may mate with a coupling surface of external computing device 1018 to permit the EHF communication link at an appropriate relative proximity and relative orientation. For example, computing device 1002 may be placed at a pre-defined angle (or an angle in a pre-defined range or angles) on external computing device 1012 to establish the EHF communication link. The external computing device 1018 may include an apparatus for docking computing device 1002 at an appropriate proximity to enable the EHF communication link.

In some embodiments, authentication unit 1042 of computing device 1002 may authenticate external computing device 1018 to establish the EHF communication link. For example, computing device 1002 may have a capability to mate with one or more types of external computing devices which have capabilities of establishing an EHF communication link. However, owing to privacy or security issues, for example, a user of computing device 1002 may not desire to authenticate one or more of the computing devices, in which case authentication unit 1042 may be configured to not authenticate those external computing devices. In some embodiments, another entity (e.g., a manufacturer, or service-provider) may configure authentication unit 1042 to only authenticate preselected external computing devices.

FIG. 11A illustrates a block diagram of a computing device 1102 for sharing functional components amongst different modules. Computing device 1102 may include a first electronics module 1104 and a second electronics module 1114. First electronics module 1104 and/or second electronics module 1114 may be similar to first and/or second electronics modules 102 and 104 of FIG. 2. First electronics module 1104 may include an EHF communication unit 1106, and a first integrated unit 1108 having a first plurality of functional components, such as functional components 1110 and 1112. Second electronics module 1114 may include an EHF communication unit 1116, and a second integrated unit 1118 having a second plurality of functional components, such as functional components 1120 and 1122.

First electronics module 1104 and second electronics module 1114 may be disposable within an appropriate relative proximity and relative orientation to permit an EHF communication link between first and second EHF communication units 1106 and 1116 to permit sharing of at least one of the functional processing components of the second plurality of functional processing components 1120 and 1122 with at least one of the functional processing components of the first plurality of functional processing components 1110 and 1112.

For example, functional component 1110 may include a processor/controller that can utilize memory resources available in functional component 1120. In another example, functional components 1110 and 1120 may each be a processor/controller and an operating system of computing device 1102 may use the combined processing capabilities of components 1110 and 1120 to process a code or function.

As shown in FIG. 11B, each of first electronics module 1104 and second electronics module 1114 may include and/or be enclosed in respective first and second enclosures 1152 and 1154. In some embodiments, an EHF communication link between the first and second EHF communication units 1106 and 1116 may be established for sharing one or more of functional processing components 1120 and 1122 with one or more of functional processing components 1110 and 1112 when first enclosure 1152 and second enclosure 1154 are positioned at (or moved into) a pre-defined relative distance (e.g., a pre-defined relative distance indicated at 1156) and/or at a pre-defined angle (e.g., a pre-defined angle indicated at 1158).

In some embodiments, computing device 1102 may include a manually releasable coupling configured to retain first and second electronics modules 1104 and 1114 in contact with each other such that first and second EHF communication units 1106 and 1116 are in communication with one another via the EHF communication link, which may enable computing device 1102 to perform a function by sharing of at least one functional processing component 1110, 1112, 1120 and 1122 (see FIG. 11A).

In some embodiments, first and second electronics modules 1104 and 1114 may be similar to the first and second electronics modules 102 and 104 of FIG. 2A (and vice versa). For example, a first magnet may be disposed in first electronics module 1104, and a second magnet disposed in second electronics module 1114 such that a magnetic interaction between the first magnet and the second magnet may couple first electronics module 1104 and second electronics module 1114.

It may be noted that the computing device 1102 can have multiple electronic modules. These multiple electronic modules may share functional processing components by establishing one or more EHF communication links with one another. Examples of functional processing components 1110, 1112, 1120 and 1122 (see FIG. 11A) of the first and second integrated units 1108 and 1118 may include processor circuitry, display circuitry, a volatile memory, a non-volatile memory, graphics circuitry, or combinations thereof.

The above-described devices enable modular and/or reconfigurable assembly of electronics devices having various arrangements of modules. Assemblies may be accomplished manually, and various modules may be interchangeable, multi-functional depending on orientation with adjacent modules, and/or easily replaceable. FIG. 12A, FIG. 12B and FIG. 12C show illustrative arrangements of different modules. FIG. 12A shows three modules 1202, 1204 and 1206 stacked with major faces adjacent to each other as in FIGS. 1 and 2. In this example, a unidirectional IC package (e.g., similar to unidirectional IC package 808 in FIG. 8) or a bi-directional IC package (e.g., similar to bidirectional IC package 810 in FIG. 8) may be suitable for communication between modules. FIG. 12B shows four modules 1202, 1204, 1206 and 1208 arranged edge-to-edge. In this example, side-launch IC packages (similar to side-launch IC package 812 in FIG. 8) may be suitable for establishing one or more EHF communication links between the modules. FIG. 12C shows illustrative modules 1202, 1204 and 1206 in a mixed arrangement. In this example, side-launch IC packages may be suitable for establishing an EHF communication link between modules 1202 and 1204, and unidirectional and/or bi-directional IC packages may be suitable for establishing one or more EHF communication links between module 1202 and 1206, and/or between module 1204 and module 1206.

Modules shown in the drawings, such as those shown in FIGS. 1-2B, 4-9, and 11B-12C are shown to be generally rectangular in shape. However, modules according to the present disclosure may include and/or be any suitable shape, such as a non-rectangular shape (e.g., a more organically shaped object), such as a generally arcuate shape, an oval shape, a spherical or spheroid shape, a free-form shape, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, interfacing surfaces of modules may be curved, and allow for rotational continuity.

One or more modules, according to the present disclosure, may be wearable and/or have wearable shapes (e.g., shaped to conform to a user's body). For example, a modular electronics system (or device) may include a wearable sports camera having replaceable storage modules. In some embodiments, the wearable sports camera may be shaped into a helmet.

In some embodiments, sliding and/or rotating contact (or interfaces) may be made between modules. For example, a modular device may include first and second modules, and the first module may be slidingly and/or rotationally engage-able with the second module. The modular device may be variable in form, and absolute position between the first and second modules may convey user input. For example, a user may place the first module (e.g., a handset, such as a smartphone) on a first component of the second module. The second module may be a kiosk, and the first component may be a track or track pad. The track may be substantially horizontal. In some embodiments, the track may be substantially vertical. The modular device may be configured such that sliding (or moving) the first module back and forth on the second module (or in any other suitable vector, or change thereof) allows the user to “scroll” across selections which may be displayed on the first module and/or the second module. In some embodiments, the selections may be stored on the first module. In other embodiments, the selection may be store on the second module. Examples of embedded waveguides and positional measurement systems, which may be suitable for sliding and/or rotating contact between modules, are disclosed in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 13/922,062 and 13/524,956, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties for all purposes.

It is believed that the disclosure set forth herein encompasses multiple distinct inventions with independent utility. While each of these inventions has been disclosed in its preferred form, the specific embodiments thereof as disclosed and illustrated herein are not to be considered in a limiting sense as numerous variations are possible. Each example defines an embodiment disclosed in the foregoing disclosure, but any one example does not necessarily encompass all features or combinations that may be eventually claimed. Where the description recites “a” or “a first” element or the equivalent thereof, such description includes one or more such elements, neither requiring nor excluding two or more such elements. Further, ordinal indicators, such as first, second or third, for identified elements are used to distinguish between the elements, and do not indicate a required or limited number of such elements, and do not indicate a particular position or order of such elements unless otherwise specifically stated. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of configuring an electronic device comprising first and second electronics modules, the first electronics module including a first operative component that is electrically connected to a first communication unit, the first communication unit including a transducer configured to transmit and/or receive an extremely high frequency (EHF) electromagnetic signal, and to convert between electrical signals and electromagnetic signals, and an integrated circuit including at least one of a transmitter circuit and a receiver circuit that is operatively coupled to the transducer, the second electronics module including a second operative component that is electrically connected to a second communication unit, the second communication unit including a transducer configured to transmit and/or receive an EHF electromagnetic signal, and to convert between electrical signals and electromagnetic signals, and a second integrated circuit including at least one of a transmitter circuit and a receiver circuit that is operatively coupled to the transducer, the method comprising: orienting respective faces of the first and second electronics modules relative to one another; attaching the first electronics module to the second electronics module with the respective faces opposing each other; and establishing an EHF communication link between the first and second communication units through the opposing faces of the first and second electronics modules.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first electronics module includes a first power supply configured to power the first electronics module independent from an interface between the first and second electronics modules.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the second electronics module includes a second power supply configured to power the second electronics module independent from the interface.
 4. The method of claim 2, further comprising powering the second electronics module by the first power supply through the interface.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein powering the second electronics module involves inductively transmitting power from the first electronics module to the second electronics module.
 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising attaching a third module to at least one of the first and second electronics modules, wherein the third module includes a third operative component.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the third module is a power module, and the third operative component is a power supply configured to supply power for the first and second electronics modules when coupled either directly or indirectly to the first and second electronics modules.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the first operative component includes a user interface component, such that attaching the first electronics module directly or indirectly to the second electronics module forms an operative connection between the user interface component and the second operative component.
 9. The method of claim 7, wherein at least one of the electronics modules and power module further comprises at least one magnet, and at least another of the electronics modules and power module further comprises a magnetically responsive element, such that releasably attaching the electronics modules and/or power module includes positioning the modules so that the magnet is attractively coupled to the magnetically responsive element.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the magnetically responsive element is a second magnet.
 11. The method of claim 7, wherein at least one of the electronics modules and/or power module is a flanged module that further comprises a flange extending from at least one edge of the flanged module, and attaching the flanged module to another of the modules includes creating a frictional fit between an edge of the another module and an internal surface of the flange of the flanged module.
 12. The method of claim 7, wherein configuring the electronic device comprises attaching the first electronics module to the second electronics module, and then attaching the power module to one of the first and second electronics modules.
 13. The method of claim 7, wherein in the configured electronic device the power module is disposed between the first electronics module and the second electronics module such that a first major face of the power module contacts a major face of the first electronics module and a second major face of the power module contacts a major face of the second electronics module.
 14. The method of claim 7, wherein the first electronics module and the second electronics module are configured to receive power from the power module via inductive power transmission.
 15. The method of claim 7, wherein in the configured electronic device at least one major face of each of the first electronics module, the second electronics module, and the power module contacts a major face of another of the first electronics module, the second electronics module, and the power module.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the first electronics module further comprises a first dielectric waveguide extending between the transducer of the first communication unit and a first exterior surface of the first electronics module for conducting the EHF electromagnetic signal between the transducer of the first communication unit and the first exterior surface; wherein the second electronics module further comprises a second dielectric waveguide extending between the transducer of the second communication unit and a second exterior surface of the second electronics module for conducting the EHF electromagnetic signal between the transducer of the second communication unit and the second exterior surface; and when the first electronics module is attached to the second electronics module, the first dielectric waveguide aligns with the second dielectric waveguide for conducting the EHF electromagnetic signal between the transducer of the first communication unit and the transducer of the second communication unit.
 17. A modular electronics system, comprising: a first electronics module having a first operative component electrically connected to a first communication unit; the first communication unit including a transducer configured to transmit and/or receive an extremely high frequency (EHF) electromagnetic signal, and to convert between electrical signals and electromagnetic signals; and an integrated circuit comprising at least one of a transmitter circuit and a receiver circuit operatively coupled to the transducer; and a second electronics module having a second operative component electrically connected to a second communication unit; the second communication unit including a transducer configured to transmit and/or receive an EHF electromagnetic signal, and to convert between electrical signals and electromagnetic signals; and a second integrated circuit comprising at least one of a transmitter circuit and a receiver circuit operatively coupled to the transducer; wherein a major face of the first electronics module is configured to contact a major face of the second electronics module and thereby form an EHF communication link between the first communication unit and the second communication unit.
 18. The modular electronics system of claim 17, wherein the first electronics module further comprises a first enclosure enclosing the first operative component and the first communication unit, and the second electronics module further comprises a second enclosure enclosing the second operative component and the second communication unit, wherein the major face of the first electronics module comprises a major face of the first enclosure and the major face of the second electronics device comprises a major face of the second enclosure.
 19. The modular electronics system of claim 18, wherein each of the major face of the first enclosure and the major face of the second enclosure includes a coupling surface configured to enable transmission and/or reception of EHF electromagnetic signals.
 20. The modular electronics system of claim 19, wherein each coupling surface includes a port component configured to facilitate formation of the EHF communication link between the first communication unit and the second communication unit by propagating an EHF electromagnetic signal.
 21. The modular electronics system of claim 20, wherein each port component includes a waveguide configured to propagate the EHF electromagnetic signal.
 22. The modular electronics system of claim 20, wherein each port component includes a conductive material and a dielectric waveguide, wherein the dielectric waveguide is configured to propagate the EHF electromagnetic signal.
 23. The modular electronics system of claim 20, further comprising a power module having a power supply that is configured to supply power to the first and second electronics modules when coupled either directly or indirectly to the first and second electronics modules.
 24. The modular electronics system of claim 23, wherein the first electronics module and the second electronics module are configured to receive power from the power module via inductive power transmission.
 25. The modular electronics system of claim 23, further comprising a power module enclosure enclosing the power module, the power module enclosure having a major face, wherein at least one of the first electronics module and the second electronics module are configured to receive power from the power module via inductive power transmission when their major face comes into contact with the major face of the power module enclosure.
 26. The modular electronics system of claim 23, wherein the first enclosure is configured to be reversibly attached to the second enclosure by a manually releasable attachment system.
 27. The modular electronics system of claim 26, wherein the manually releasable attachment system includes a first magnet incorporated in the first enclosure and a second magnet incorporated in the second enclosure such that a magnetic interaction between the first magnet and the second magnet releasably attaches the first electronics module to the second electronics module.
 28. The modular electronics system of claim 26, wherein the manually releasable attachment system includes a flange extending from at least one edge of the first enclosure in a direction normal to the plane of the second enclosure, such that a frictional interaction releasably attaches the first electronics module to the second electronics module.
 29. The modular electronics system of claim 26, wherein when the first enclosure and the second enclosure are releasably attached by the manually releasable attachment system, the port components of their respective coupling surfaces are disposed so as to facilitate formation of the EHF communication link between the first communication unit and the second communication unit.
 30. The modular electronics system of claim 26, wherein each of the first enclosure and the second enclosure is substantially planar and shares substantially the same outline, and is configured to form a stack in combination with the other enclosures of the modular electronics system.
 31. The modular electronics system of claim 26, wherein each of the first enclosure and the second enclosure is substantially planar, and is configured to form a stack in combination with the other electronics modules of the modular electronics.
 32. The modular electronics system of claim 17, wherein each of the communication units provides at least one of unidirectional communication relative to a major face of the associated one of the first and second electronics modules, bidirectional communication relative to a major face of the associated one of the first and second electronics modules, and an edge-launch communication relative to a major face of the associated one of the first and second electronics modules.
 33. The modular electronics system of claim 32, wherein at least one of the first and second electronics modules includes one or more further communication units for communication with another modular electronics system, wherein the one or more further communication units provides one or more of unidirectional, bidirectional, and edge-launch communication.
 34. A modular electronics system, comprising: a first electronics module including a printed circuit board assembly, wherein the printed circuit board assembly includes a first printed circuit board (PCB) having a first major surface and an opposed second major surface, where the printed circuit board defines an aperture; and a bi-directional integrated circuit (IC) package mounted to the printed circuit board and configured to generate extremely high frequency (EHF) band signals; wherein the bi-directional integrated circuit package is disposed such that the Extremely High Frequency (EHF) band signals generated by the bi-directional integrated circuit (IC) propagate in a first direction normal to the first major surface of the first PCB and in a second direction normal to the second major surface of the PCB and away from the first direction through the aperture defined by the first PCB.
 35. The modular electronics system of claim 34, further comprising a second electronics module including a second integrated circuit package, and a third electronics module including a third integrated circuit package; wherein a major surface of the second electronics module abuts and is parallel to the first major surface of the first PCB of the first electronics module, and a major surface of the third electronics module abuts and is parallel to the opposed second major surface of the first PCB of the first electronics module; such that EHF band electromagnetic signals generated by the bi-directional integrated circuit (IC) enable an EHF communication link between the bi-directional IC package and the second IC package and the third IC package.
 36. The modular electronics system of claim 35, wherein the second IC package is aligned with the bi-directional integrated circuit (IC) package so as to permit formation of an EHF communication link between the second IC package and the bi-directional IC package for transmission of EHF band electromagnetic signals.
 37. The modular electronics system of claim 35, wherein the third IC package is coupled with the bi-directional integrated circuit (IC) package via the aperture defined by the PCB of the first electronics module so as to permit formation of an EHF communication link for transmission of EHF band electromagnetic signals.
 38. The modular electronics system of claim 34, wherein the first printed circuit board includes an edge, further comprising a side-launch integrated circuit package mounted near the edge of the first PCB and configured so as to provide side-launch communication.
 39. The modular electronics system of claim 38, wherein the side-launch integrated circuit package is mounted parallel to the first and second major surfaces of the PCB so as to propagate an EM signal in the EHF band in an outward direction substantially parallel to the first major surface and the opposed second major surface.
 40. The modular electronics system of claim 34, wherein the side-launch integrated circuit package includes one or more shaped ground planes and reflectors.
 41. The modular electronics system of claim 34, further comprising a dielectric material that propagates EHF band electromagnetic signals disposed within the aperture defined by the first PCB.
 42. A modular electronics system, comprising: a plurality of electronics modules, wherein at least two modules of the plurality of electronics modules are encapsulated in respective enclosures, and wherein the at least two modules include respective operative components electrically connected to respective extremely high frequency (EHF) communication units; the respective EHF communication units each comprising: a transducer configured to at least one of transmit and receive an EHF electromagnetic signal, and to convert between electrical signals and electromagnetic signals; and an integrated circuit comprising at least one of a transmitter circuit and a receiver circuit that is operatively coupled to the transducer; and wherein a magnet is disposed in at least one of the enclosures such that a magnetic interaction releasably couples together the at least two modules to hold the respective transducers in proximity to one another to enable an EHF communication link between the respective EHF communication units.
 43. The modular electronics system of claim 42, further comprising a power module having a power supply that is configured to supply power to the at least two modules when coupled to the plurality of electronics modules.
 44. The modular electronics system of claim 43, wherein each of the plurality of electronics modules are configured to receive power from the power module via an inductive power transmission.
 45. The modular electronics system of claim 42, wherein the plurality of electronics modules are substantially planar, share substantially the same outline, and form a stack.
 46. The modular electronics system of claim 42, wherein each of the coupling surfaces comprises a port characteristic configured to permit transmission of EHF electromagnetic signals.
 47. The modular electronics system of claim 46, wherein the port characteristic is included in a waveguide configured to propagate EHF electromagnetic signals.
 48. The modular electronics system of claim 47, wherein the waveguide comprises dielectric material.
 49. The modular electronics system of claim 42, wherein the EHF communication link enables sharing of at least one functional component of the corresponding integrated circuits.
 50. A computing device, comprising: an integrated unit comprising a plurality of functional components; and an extremely high frequency (EHF) communication unit operatively coupled to the integrated unit, the EHF communication unit including: a transducer configured to: transmit and receive EHF electromagnetic signals, and convert between electrical signals and electromagnetic signals; and a transceiver operatively coupled to the transducer; wherein the EHF communication unit enables at least one of the functional components of the computing device to be supplemented by a functional component of an external computing device.
 51. The computing device of claim 50, wherein a coupling surface of the computing device comprises a port characteristic configured to transmit and/or receive EHF electromagnetic signals from a coupling surface of the external computing device.
 52. The computing device of claim 51, wherein the port characteristic is included in a waveguide configured to propagate EHF electromagnetic signals.
 53. The computing device of claim 52, wherein the waveguide comprises dielectric material.
 54. The computing device of claim 50, further comprising a functionality expansion unit configured to identify and select one or more functional components of the external computing device by transmitting and/or receiving EHF electromagnetic signals through the coupling surface.
 55. The computing device of claim 50, wherein a coupling surface of the computing device mates with a coupling surface of the external computing device at an appropriate relative proximity and relative orientation to permit an EHF communication link between the computing device and the external computing device.
 56. The computing device of claim 50, wherein the plurality of functional components of the integrated unit and the external computing device comprise processor circuitry, display circuitry, a volatile memory, a non-volatile memory, graphics circuitry and a power source.
 57. The computing device of claim 50, further comprising an authentication unit configured to authenticate a coupling surface associated with the external computing device prior to sharing at least one functional component of the external computing device with the corresponding at least one functional component of the computing device.
 58. The computing device of claim 50, wherein the computing device is selectively mated to the external computing device by a manually releasable coupling.
 59. The computing device of claim 58, wherein the manually releasable coupling comprises a first magnet disposed in the computing device and a second magnet disposed in the external computing device such that a magnetic interaction between the first magnet and the second magnet couples the computing device and the external computing device when they are mated via a pair of coupling surfaces.
 60. The computing device of claim 58, wherein the manually releasable coupling comprises a flange extending from at least one edge of the computing device in a direction normal to the plane of the external computing device, such that a frictional interaction between the flange and the external computing device couples the computing device with the external computing device.
 61. The computing device of claim 58, wherein the computing device is configured to wirelessly receive power from a power supply of the external computing device via an inductive power transmission.
 62. The computing device of claim 50, wherein the computing device is configured to make an electrical connection with the external computing device.
 63. A computing device, comprising: a first electronics module including: a first extremely high frequency (EHF) communication unit, and a first integrated unit comprising a first plurality of functional processing components; and a second electronics module including: a second EHF communication unit, and a second integrated unit comprising a second plurality of functional processing components; and wherein the first electronics module and the second electronics module are disposable within an appropriate relative proximity and relative orientation to permit an EHF communication link between the first and second EHF communication units to permit sharing of at least one of the functional processing components of the second plurality of functional processing components with at least one of the functional processing components of the first plurality of functional processing components.
 64. The computing device of claim 63, further comprises a manually releasable coupling configured to: retain the first and second electronics modules in contact with each other such that the first and second EHF communication units are in communication with one another via the EHF communication link; and enable the computing device to perform a function by sharing of at least one functional processing component.
 65. The computing device of claim 63, wherein one of the first and second electronics modules further comprises an alternative coupling surface to retain an additional coupling surface of an additional electronics module.
 66. The computing device of claim 63, wherein the plurality of functional processing components of the first integrated unit and the second integrated unit comprise processor circuitry, display circuitry, a volatile memory, a non-volatile memory, and graphics circuitry.
 67. The computing device of claim 63, wherein the first electronics module is selectively mated to the second electronics module by a manually releasable coupling, and wherein the manually releasable coupling comprises a first magnet disposed in the first electronics module and a second magnet disposed in the second electronics module such that a magnetic interaction between the first magnet and the second magnet couples the first electronics module and the second electronics module.
 68. The computing device of claim 67, wherein the manually releasable coupling comprises a flange extending from at least one edge of the first electronics module in a direction normal to the plane of the second electronics module. 